Cross-border taxation encompasses the taxation of various transactions and investments involving multiple countries. These transactions can include cross-border mergers and acquisitions, international trade, cross-border investments, transfer pricing, and more. The primary objective of cross-border taxation is to determine the tax liabilities of entities operating across borders and to prevent double taxation or the evasion of taxes. Double taxation occurs when the same income is taxed in multiple jurisdictions, posing significant financial burdens for businesses.